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The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion can be attributed primarily to the inability of the Cuban exiles to incite a widespread revolution against Fidel Castro's government. The invasion, which was designed to overthrow Castro, relied heavily on the assumption that there would be significant popular support for the exiled fighters among the Cuban population. However, this expectation did not materialize, as the majority of Cubans remained loyal to Castro, undermining the exiles' efforts. The lack of local support meant that the exiles were unable to establish a foothold, which was critical for the success of the operation.

While Castro's forces were indeed well-trained and prepared to face the invasion, it was the lack of a revolutionary uprising that ultimately sealed the fate of the operation. Air support is often highlighted as a key factor that did not materialize to the extent necessary, and foreign assistance to the Cuban government provided additional defense capabilities. However, the crux of the failure lay in the miscalculation regarding local support for the exiles, marking option C as the correct answer.